Exp.
No.1
Date:
HARDWARE
FAMILIARIZATION
Aim
To familiarize with different hardware components
CPU (Central
Processing Unit): CPU or central processing unit
relates to a specific or processor. The performance of the computer is
determined by the CPU chip (processor speed) and the other computer circuitry.
Currently, the Pentium chip (processor) is the most popular even though there
are other chips available in the market today such as AMD, Motorola and others.
The clocks speed becomes most important factor in determining the performance
of a computer. The motherboard contains the hardware circuitry and connections
that allow the different hardware components of the PC to interact and
communicate with each other. Most computer software is being developed for the
latest processors so it would be difficult to use the older systems.
Hard Disk Drives – Disk drive is the mechanism to run the disks. All disks need a
drive to get the information, read it and put it back to the disks. Hard disk
is used to store the data permanently. Often the terms disk and drive used to
describe the same thing but it should be clear that a disk is a storage device.
Modem – A modem is used for the modulation and demodulation of the data
that is transferred through the modem and the telephone lines. Modem translates
the data from digital to analog from analog to digital. Because on the
telephone lines data can travel in the form of the analog signals and in the
computer data transmits in the form of digital signals. Modems are measured by
the speed which is called baud rate. The typical baud rate is 56Kb.
Keyboard – The keyboard is used to type something or input information to the
computer. There are different designs and models of the keyboards in the
market. The most common layout of the keyboard is QWERTY layout. A standard
keyboard has 101 keys and embedded keys.
Video cards-Video cards allow
computer to display video, graphics and animation. Some video cards allow
computers to display television. A video card with a digital video camera
allows users to produce live video. A high speed broadband internet connection
is required to watch the videos on net.
Network cards: Network interface cards allow PCs to connect with each other and
communicate. Every network computer is required to have a NIC card. NIC cards
are required both in wired and wireless networking.
Cables: There are two broad types of cables internal cables, which are
embedded on the mother board circuit that performs the communication between
the devices and CPU. The other types of the cables are the network cables like
coaxial cable, CAT 5, Ethernet cables. These cables are used for the communication
purposes between the devices or computers.
Memory – Memory is the one of the important piece of the hardware.
Sometimes memory chip memory is confused with the hard disk memory. Sometimes
unallocated space of the hard disk is used as virtual memory also known as page
file. This type of memory is a temporary memory and is used actual memory is
less and requires some additional memory to perform a specific task.
RAM (Random Access Memory)-RAM is a memory that is being used by the computer to store the
information temporarily. For example when some work is performed on some
applications that work is temporarily stored in the RAM. More RAM in the
computer more faster computer works. Today at least requirement of a modern PC
is 64 RAM. RAM is in the form of a chip and different vendors have developed
the RAM of different capacities.
Mouse – Every modern computer requires a mouse for faster operations.
Generally a mouse has two buttons left and right to perform different
functions. One type of the mouse has a round ball under the bottom. Another
type of the mouse use optical system to track the movement of the mouse.
Monitors – The monitor is used to display the information on the screen. All
the activities of a computer, functions and tasks are seen on the computer
screen and this is called outputting information. Monitors come in many sizes
and shapes, monochrome or full colors. Today most computers use LCD screens. It
is light weight and consumes less power as compared to the monitors.
Printers – The printer takes the information from the PC and transfers it to
the paper of different sizes, which are placed in the printer device. There are
three basic types of a printer such as dot matrix, inkjet and laser.
Scanners- Scanners allow you to transfer pictures and photographs to your
computer. A scanner is used to scan the images and pictures. You can then send
the image to someone, modify it or take a print out of it. With optical
character recognition software you can convert printed documents into the text
that you can use in the word processor.
Digital
camera- You can take the digital photographs with the digital cameras. The
images are stored on the memory chip of the digital cameras and you can
transfer them to your computer with the USB drive.
Case – Case or casing covers the whole computer’s circuitry. There are
two types of casings desktop and tower casing. There is room inside the casing
to add or remove components. Cases come in many sizes like desktop, mini, midi
and tower. There are some additional empty slots inside the cases such as IDE,
USB, ASI, PCI and firewire slots.
Cards – Cards are the hardware components that are added to the computer
to increase their functionalities and capabilities. Sound cards produce the
sound like music and voice. The older cars were 8, 16 and then 32 bits. Color
cards allow computers to produce colors. Initially there were 2, 4 and then 16
bits. The main types of the graphic cards are EGA, VGA and SGA. The 32 cards
are the standard to display almost billions of the colors on the monitor
BIOS : Basic Input Output
System. The bios is what holds the computer's configuration and will launch the
PC boot sequence on power on. This is stored in a ROM on the main board and is
usually accessed for modification using the DEL key before the computer loads
the operating system.
CD-Rom : This was the
first Compact Disk standard that was used on computers to eliminate the used of
1.4 Floppy disks. They could hold 650MB and now up to 700MB.
Floppy Drive : Almost
obsolete they are becoming an options on new computers. They can accept 1.4 MB
of data and the media is sensible to magnetic fields. Most use a cd-rom or a
USB stick to carry data to other computers.
Result
Familiarized different hardware components
Reference
PC Hardware Complete Reference-Craig Zacker & John Rourke,Tata
McGrawHill
Exp.
No.2
Date:
WINDOWS
AND DOS FAMILIARIZATION
Aim
To
familiarize with windows and DOS operating system.
WINDOWS FAMILIARIZATION
Configuration and Maintanence
Windows Components
1.
Control Panel: Allows users to view and manipulate basic
system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing
software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options and so on.
2.
Device Manager : Allows the
user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer, and control
what device drivers are used.
3.
Windows Security Center :
Centralizes and reports on the status of anti virus, automatic updates, Windows
Firewall, and other security-related components of the operating system.
Administrative
Tools
1.
Windows Disk Defragmenter :
Rearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations
in order to optimize computer performance.
2.
Registry editor : Edits the
windows registry.
3.
Task Scheduler : Allows users
to script tasks for running during scheduled intervals.
Software installation and
deployment
1.
Windows Update: An online
service which provides critical updates, service packs, device drivers, and
other updates. A variation called Microsoft update also provides software
updates for several Microsoft products.
2.
Windows Installer : A packaging
format and engine for the installation, maintenance, and removal of software. Includes
a GUI framework automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence and
deployment capabilities for corporate networks.
User Interface
1.
Windows Explorer: Provides an
interface for accessing the file systems launching applications, and performing
common tasks such as viewing and printing pictures.
2.
Windows search: Starting with
Windows Vista, search is a tightly shell-integrated component of Windows. A
downloadable Windows desktop search software is available for Windows XP and
older versions.
3.
Start menu: Serves as the
central launching point for applications. It provides a customizable, nested
list of programs for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently
opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and access to the system
settings.
By default, the Start Button is visible at all times in
the lower left-hand corner of the screen.
4.
Taskbar: The application
desktop bar which is used to launch and monitor applications.
5.
Windows sidebar : A new panel
on the side of the screen to place gadgets.
Applications and
utilities
1.
Calculator: A calculation
application .
2.
Paint: A simple graphics
painting program.
3.
Notepad : A simple text editor.
4.
Sound recorder : A simple audio
recording program that can record from a microphone or headset and save the
results in WAVE format and Windows Media
Audio format in some Windows versions.
5.
Command prompt: A text-based
shell(command line interpreter)that provides a common line interface to the
operating system.
6.
Word pad: A simple word
processor hat is more advanced than notepad . It has facilities to format and
print text, but lacks intermediate features such as a spell checker and
thesaurus .
7.
Remote Desktop Connection: A
client implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol; allows a user to securely
connect to a computer running Terminal services (Remote Desktop on Windows XP
and Server 2003) and interact with a full desktop environment on that machine,
including support for remoting of printers, audio, and drives.
8.
Internet Explorer: A graphical
web browser and FTP client.
9.
Windows Media Player: A digital
media player and media library application that is used for playing audio, playing video and viewing images
10.
Windows Movie Maker: A video
editing software that is intended for use in editing home movies. Source
footage can be split into clips, and the final movie created by combining
multiple clips along with effects such as transitions, titles/credits, separate
audio track, timeline narration etc.
11.
Windows Task Manager: Provides
information about computer performance and displays details about running
applications, processes, network activity, logged-in users, and system
services.
12.
Disk Clean up: A utility for
compacting rarely used files and removing files that are no longer required.
DOS FAMILIARIZATION
ASSOC Displays or modifies
file extension associations.
AT Schedules
commands and programs to run on a computer.
ATTRIB Displays or changes
file attributes.
BREAK Sets or clears
extended CTRL+C checking.
CACLS Displays or modifies access control lists
(ACLs) of files.
CALL Calls one batch
program from another.
CD Displays the
name of or changes the current directory.
CHCP Displays or sets
the active code page number.
CHDIR Displays the name
of or changes the current directory.
CHKDSK Checks a disk and
displays a status report.
CHKNTFS Displays or
modifies the checking of disk at boot time.
CLS Clears the
screen.
CMD Starts a new
instance of the Windows command interpreter.
COLOR Sets the
default console foreground and background colors.
COMP Compares the
contents of two files or sets of files.
COMPACT Displays or alters
the compression of files on NTFS partitions.
CONVERT Converts FAT volumes to NTFS.
COPY Copies one
or more files to another location.
DATE Displays or
sets the date.
DEL Deletes
one or more files.
DIR Displays a
list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
DISKCOMP Compares the
contents of two floppy disks.
DISKCOPY Copies the
contents of one floppy disk to another.
DOSKEY Edits command
lines, recalls Windows commands, and creates macros.
ECHO Displays
messages, or turns command echoing on or off.
ENDLOCAL Ends localization
of environment changes in a batch file.
ERASE Deletes one
or more files.
EXIT Quits the
CMD.EXE program (command interpreter).
FC Compares
two files or sets of files, and displays the differences
between them.
FIND Searches for
a text string in a file or files.
FINDSTR Searches for
strings in files.
FOR Runs a
specified command for each file in a set of files.
FORMAT Formats a disk
for use with Windows.
FTYPE Displays or
modifies file types used in file extension associations.
GOTO Directs the
Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in a
batch
program.
GRAFTABL Enables Windows to
display an extended character set in graphics
mode.
HELP Provides
Help information for Windows commands.
IF Performs
conditional processing in batch programs.
LABEL Creates,
changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.
MD Creates a
directory.
MKDIR Creates a
directory.
MODE Configures a
system device.
MORE Displays output
one screen at a time.
MOVE Moves one or more files from one directory
to another directory.
PATH Displays or
sets a search path for executable files.
PAUSE Suspends
processing of a batch file and displays a message.
POPD Restores the
previous value of the current directory saved by PUSHD.
PRINT Prints a text
file.
PROMPT Changes the
Windows command prompt.
PUSHD Saves the
current directory then changes it.
RD Removes a
directory.
RECOVER Recovers readable information
from a bad or defective disk.
REM Records
comments (remarks) in batch files or CONFIG.SYS.
REN Renames a
file or files.
RENAME Renames a file or
files.
REPLACE Replaces files.
RMDIR Removes a
directory.
SET Displays,
sets, or removes Windows environment variables.
SETLOCAL Begins localization
of environment changes in a batch file.
SHIFT Shifts the
position of replaceable parameters in batch files.
SORT Sorts input.
START Starts a
separate window to run a specified program or command.
SUBST Associates a
path with a drive letter.
TIME Displays or
sets the system time.
TITLE Sets the window
title for a CMD.EXE session.
TREE Graphically
displays the directory structure of a drive or path.
TYPE Displays the
contents of a text file.
VER Displays the
Windows version.
VERIFY Tells Windows
whether to verify that your files are written
correctly
to a disk.
VOL Displays a disk
volume label and serial number.
XCOPY Copies files and
directory trees.
Result
Familiarized with
windows and DOS operating system.
Exp.
No.3
Date:
MICROSOFT
WORD FAMILIARIZATION
Aim
To familiarize with Microsoft WORD .
Word Features
Word lets you design and produce text documents that can
include graphics, tables, or charts. You can then save the documents in a
variety of formats, including Microsoft Word, HTML, or Adobe's Portable
Document Format (PDF).
Writing
Word lets you create both basic documents, such as memos,
faxes, letters , resumes and merge documents as well as long and complex or
multi-part documents, complete with bibliographies, reference tables and
indexes.Word also includes such useful features as a spell checker a thesaurus,
Auto correct and hyphenation as well as a variety of templates or almost every
purpose. You can also create your own templates using the wizards.
Designing and
Structuring
Word offers a wide variety of options to design
documents. Use the Styles and Formatting Window to create, assign and modify
styles for paragraphs, individual characters, frames and pages. In addition,
the Navigator helps you to quickly move around inside your documents, lets you
look at your document in an outline view, and keeps track of the objects that
you have inserted into your document.You can also create various indexes and
tables in text documents. You can define the structure and appearance of the
indexes and tables according to your individual needs. Live hyperlinks and
bookmarks let you jump directly to the corresponding items in the text.
Desktop Publishing with
Word
Word contains numerous
desktop publishing and drawing tools to assist you in creating professionally
styled documents, such as brochures, newsletters and invitations. You can
format your documents with multi-column layouts, text frames,graphics , tables
and other objects.
Calculations
Text documents in wordhave an
integrated calculation function that helps you execute sophisticated
calculations or logical links. You can easily create a table in a text document
in order to perform calculations.
Creating Drawings
The Word drawing tools lets
you create drawings, graphics, legends, and other types of drawings directly in
text documents.
Inserting Graphics
You can insert pictures with
different formatsinto a text document, including graphics with a JPG or GIF
format. The most common formats can be edited directly in a text document with
the image editor.
Flexible
Application Interface
The
program interface is designed so that you can configure it according to your
preferences, including customizing icons and menus. You can position various
program windows, such as the Styles and Formatting window or the Navigator as
floating windows anywhere on the screen.
Drag&Drop
The drag
and drop feature enables you to work quickly and efficiently with text
documents in OpenOffice.org. For example, you can drag-and-drop objects, such
as graphics from the Gallery, from one location to another in the same
document, or between open word documents.
Help
Functions
You can use the Help system as a
complete reference for word applications, including instructions for simple and
complex tasks.
Result
Familiarized with
word processor
Exp.
No.4
Date:
ROOTS
OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
Aim
Write a program to find the roots
of a quadratic equation.
Theoretical Background
This program use nested if…else
statement to make decision. The general form of
nested if...else statement is
if(test condition1)
{
if (test
condition2)
{
statement block1
}
else
{
statement
block2
}
}
else
{
statement
block3
}
statement_x;
Nested if…else
is used when a series of decisions are involved. If the test condition1
is true, test condition2 is evaluated. If the test condition2 is true, statement block1 will execute. If the
test condition2 is false, statement
block2 will execute and then the control is transferred to statement_x. If the
test condition1 is false, statement block3 will execute and then control
transferred to statement_x.
Algorithm
Step 1:Start
Step 2:Read the coefficients in a,b,c
Step 3:if a==0
Print not a quadratic equation
goto stop
else goto 4
Step 4:d=(b*b)-(4*a*c)
Step 5:if d>0
root1=-b+sqrt(d)/(2*a)
root2=-b-sqrt(d)/(2*a)
print the roots
goto stop
Step 6:if d==0
root1=root2=-b/(2*a)
print roots are equal
goto stop
Step 7:if d<0
d=d*-1
root1=-b/(2*a)
root2=sqrt(d)/(2*a)
print root1=root1+iroot2
print root2=root1-iroot2
goto stop
Step 8:Stop
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float
d,root1,root2,a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf("enter
three coefficient a,b,c");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if(a==0)
{
printf("not
a quadratic equation");
}
d=(b*b)-(4*a*c);
if(d>0)
{
printf("roots
are distinct");
root1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf("root1=%f,root2=%f",root1,root2);
}
if(d==0)
{
printf("roots
are equal");
root1=root2=-b/(2*a);
printf("root1=%f",root1);
}
else
{
printf("roots
are imaginary");
root1=-b/(2*a);
root2=(sqrt(-d))/(2*a);
printf("root1=%f+i%f,root2=%f-i%f",root1,root2,root1,root2);
}
}
Output
Result
Exp. No.5
Date:
SUM
OF DIGITS OF A NUMBER
Aim
Write a program to find sum of digits of a number.
Theoretical Background
while is an entry controlled loop statement. The syntax of while is given below.
while(test-condition)
{
Body of loop;
}
When program
control reach at while statement, the program proceeds to evaluate the test
condition, if it is true, the body of the loop is evaluated. After completion
of the body, the test-condition in the while statement is evaluated again. This
process continues as long as the condition is true. When the condition is
violated control will get exited from the loop and resumes from the statement immediately
following the while loop.
Algorithm
Step 1: Start
Step 2: initialize sum=0
Step 3: read n, the number whose sum of digits is to be found
Step 4: if n>0 goto step 6
Step 5: i=n%10
sum=sum+i
n=n/10
goto step 4
Step 6: print sum
Step 7: stop
Program
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,sum=0;
printf("enter a number");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
i=n%10;
sum=sum+i;
n=n/10;
}
printf("sum=%d",sum);
}
Output
Result
Exp.
No.1
Date:
HARDWARE
FAMILIARIZATION
Aim
To familiarize with different hardware components
CPU (Central
Processing Unit): CPU or central processing unit
relates to a specific or processor. The performance of the computer is
determined by the CPU chip (processor speed) and the other computer circuitry.
Currently, the Pentium chip (processor) is the most popular even though there
are other chips available in the market today such as AMD, Motorola and others.
The clocks speed becomes most important factor in determining the performance
of a computer. The motherboard contains the hardware circuitry and connections
that allow the different hardware components of the PC to interact and
communicate with each other. Most computer software is being developed for the
latest processors so it would be difficult to use the older systems.
Hard Disk Drives – Disk drive is the mechanism to run the disks. All disks need a
drive to get the information, read it and put it back to the disks. Hard disk
is used to store the data permanently. Often the terms disk and drive used to
describe the same thing but it should be clear that a disk is a storage device.
Modem – A modem is used for the modulation and demodulation of the data
that is transferred through the modem and the telephone lines. Modem translates
the data from digital to analog from analog to digital. Because on the
telephone lines data can travel in the form of the analog signals and in the
computer data transmits in the form of digital signals. Modems are measured by
the speed which is called baud rate. The typical baud rate is 56Kb.
Keyboard – The keyboard is used to type something or input information to the
computer. There are different designs and models of the keyboards in the
market. The most common layout of the keyboard is QWERTY layout. A standard
keyboard has 101 keys and embedded keys.
Video cards-Video cards allow
computer to display video, graphics and animation. Some video cards allow
computers to display television. A video card with a digital video camera
allows users to produce live video. A high speed broadband internet connection
is required to watch the videos on net.
Network cards: Network interface cards allow PCs to connect with each other and
communicate. Every network computer is required to have a NIC card. NIC cards
are required both in wired and wireless networking.
Cables: There are two broad types of cables internal cables, which are
embedded on the mother board circuit that performs the communication between
the devices and CPU. The other types of the cables are the network cables like
coaxial cable, CAT 5, Ethernet cables. These cables are used for the communication
purposes between the devices or computers.
Memory – Memory is the one of the important piece of the hardware.
Sometimes memory chip memory is confused with the hard disk memory. Sometimes
unallocated space of the hard disk is used as virtual memory also known as page
file. This type of memory is a temporary memory and is used actual memory is
less and requires some additional memory to perform a specific task.
RAM (Random Access Memory)-RAM is a memory that is being used by the computer to store the
information temporarily. For example when some work is performed on some
applications that work is temporarily stored in the RAM. More RAM in the
computer more faster computer works. Today at least requirement of a modern PC
is 64 RAM. RAM is in the form of a chip and different vendors have developed
the RAM of different capacities.
Mouse – Every modern computer requires a mouse for faster operations.
Generally a mouse has two buttons left and right to perform different
functions. One type of the mouse has a round ball under the bottom. Another
type of the mouse use optical system to track the movement of the mouse.
Monitors – The monitor is used to display the information on the screen. All
the activities of a computer, functions and tasks are seen on the computer
screen and this is called outputting information. Monitors come in many sizes
and shapes, monochrome or full colors. Today most computers use LCD screens. It
is light weight and consumes less power as compared to the monitors.
Printers – The printer takes the information from the PC and transfers it to
the paper of different sizes, which are placed in the printer device. There are
three basic types of a printer such as dot matrix, inkjet and laser.
Scanners- Scanners allow you to transfer pictures and photographs to your
computer. A scanner is used to scan the images and pictures. You can then send
the image to someone, modify it or take a print out of it. With optical
character recognition software you can convert printed documents into the text
that you can use in the word processor.
Digital
camera- You can take the digital photographs with the digital cameras. The
images are stored on the memory chip of the digital cameras and you can
transfer them to your computer with the USB drive.
Case – Case or casing covers the whole computer’s circuitry. There are
two types of casings desktop and tower casing. There is room inside the casing
to add or remove components. Cases come in many sizes like desktop, mini, midi
and tower. There are some additional empty slots inside the cases such as IDE,
USB, ASI, PCI and firewire slots.
Cards – Cards are the hardware components that are added to the computer
to increase their functionalities and capabilities. Sound cards produce the
sound like music and voice. The older cars were 8, 16 and then 32 bits. Color
cards allow computers to produce colors. Initially there were 2, 4 and then 16
bits. The main types of the graphic cards are EGA, VGA and SGA. The 32 cards
are the standard to display almost billions of the colors on the monitor
BIOS : Basic Input Output
System. The bios is what holds the computer's configuration and will launch the
PC boot sequence on power on. This is stored in a ROM on the main board and is
usually accessed for modification using the DEL key before the computer loads
the operating system.
CD-Rom : This was the
first Compact Disk standard that was used on computers to eliminate the used of
1.4 Floppy disks. They could hold 650MB and now up to 700MB.
Floppy Drive : Almost
obsolete they are becoming an options on new computers. They can accept 1.4 MB
of data and the media is sensible to magnetic fields. Most use a cd-rom or a
USB stick to carry data to other computers.
Result
Familiarized different hardware components
Reference
PC Hardware Complete Reference-Craig Zacker & John Rourke,Tata
McGrawHill
Exp.
No.2
Date:
WINDOWS
AND DOS FAMILIARIZATION
Aim
To
familiarize with windows and DOS operating system.
WINDOWS FAMILIARIZATION
Configuration and Maintanence
Windows Components
1.
Control Panel: Allows users to view and manipulate basic
system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing
software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options and so on.
2.
Device Manager : Allows the
user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer, and control
what device drivers are used.
3.
Windows Security Center :
Centralizes and reports on the status of anti virus, automatic updates, Windows
Firewall, and other security-related components of the operating system.
Administrative
Tools
1.
Windows Disk Defragmenter :
Rearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations
in order to optimize computer performance.
2.
Registry editor : Edits the
windows registry.
3.
Task Scheduler : Allows users
to script tasks for running during scheduled intervals.
Software installation and
deployment
1.
Windows Update: An online
service which provides critical updates, service packs, device drivers, and
other updates. A variation called Microsoft update also provides software
updates for several Microsoft products.
2.
Windows Installer : A packaging
format and engine for the installation, maintenance, and removal of software. Includes
a GUI framework automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence and
deployment capabilities for corporate networks.
User Interface
1.
Windows Explorer: Provides an
interface for accessing the file systems launching applications, and performing
common tasks such as viewing and printing pictures.
2.
Windows search: Starting with
Windows Vista, search is a tightly shell-integrated component of Windows. A
downloadable Windows desktop search software is available for Windows XP and
older versions.
3.
Start menu: Serves as the
central launching point for applications. It provides a customizable, nested
list of programs for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently
opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and access to the system
settings.
By default, the Start Button is visible at all times in
the lower left-hand corner of the screen.
4.
Taskbar: The application
desktop bar which is used to launch and monitor applications.
5.
Windows sidebar : A new panel
on the side of the screen to place gadgets.
Applications and
utilities
1.
Calculator: A calculation
application .
2.
Paint: A simple graphics
painting program.
3.
Notepad : A simple text editor.
4.
Sound recorder : A simple audio
recording program that can record from a microphone or headset and save the
results in WAVE format and Windows Media
Audio format in some Windows versions.
5.
Command prompt: A text-based
shell(command line interpreter)that provides a common line interface to the
operating system.
6.
Word pad: A simple word
processor hat is more advanced than notepad . It has facilities to format and
print text, but lacks intermediate features such as a spell checker and
thesaurus .
7.
Remote Desktop Connection: A
client implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol; allows a user to securely
connect to a computer running Terminal services (Remote Desktop on Windows XP
and Server 2003) and interact with a full desktop environment on that machine,
including support for remoting of printers, audio, and drives.
8.
Internet Explorer: A graphical
web browser and FTP client.
9.
Windows Media Player: A digital
media player and media library application that is used for playing audio, playing video and viewing images
10.
Windows Movie Maker: A video
editing software that is intended for use in editing home movies. Source
footage can be split into clips, and the final movie created by combining
multiple clips along with effects such as transitions, titles/credits, separate
audio track, timeline narration etc.
11.
Windows Task Manager: Provides
information about computer performance and displays details about running
applications, processes, network activity, logged-in users, and system
services.
12.
Disk Clean up: A utility for
compacting rarely used files and removing files that are no longer required.
DOS FAMILIARIZATION
ASSOC Displays or modifies
file extension associations.
AT Schedules
commands and programs to run on a computer.
ATTRIB Displays or changes
file attributes.
BREAK Sets or clears
extended CTRL+C checking.
CACLS Displays or modifies access control lists
(ACLs) of files.
CALL Calls one batch
program from another.
CD Displays the
name of or changes the current directory.
CHCP Displays or sets
the active code page number.
CHDIR Displays the name
of or changes the current directory.
CHKDSK Checks a disk and
displays a status report.
CHKNTFS Displays or
modifies the checking of disk at boot time.
CLS Clears the
screen.
CMD Starts a new
instance of the Windows command interpreter.
COLOR Sets the
default console foreground and background colors.
COMP Compares the
contents of two files or sets of files.
COMPACT Displays or alters
the compression of files on NTFS partitions.
CONVERT Converts FAT volumes to NTFS.
COPY Copies one
or more files to another location.
DATE Displays or
sets the date.
DEL Deletes
one or more files.
DIR Displays a
list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
DISKCOMP Compares the
contents of two floppy disks.
DISKCOPY Copies the
contents of one floppy disk to another.
DOSKEY Edits command
lines, recalls Windows commands, and creates macros.
ECHO Displays
messages, or turns command echoing on or off.
ENDLOCAL Ends localization
of environment changes in a batch file.
ERASE Deletes one
or more files.
EXIT Quits the
CMD.EXE program (command interpreter).
FC Compares
two files or sets of files, and displays the differences
between them.
FIND Searches for
a text string in a file or files.
FINDSTR Searches for
strings in files.
FOR Runs a
specified command for each file in a set of files.
FORMAT Formats a disk
for use with Windows.
FTYPE Displays or
modifies file types used in file extension associations.
GOTO Directs the
Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in a
batch
program.
GRAFTABL Enables Windows to
display an extended character set in graphics
mode.
HELP Provides
Help information for Windows commands.
IF Performs
conditional processing in batch programs.
LABEL Creates,
changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.
MD Creates a
directory.
MKDIR Creates a
directory.
MODE Configures a
system device.
MORE Displays output
one screen at a time.
MOVE Moves one or more files from one directory
to another directory.
PATH Displays or
sets a search path for executable files.
PAUSE Suspends
processing of a batch file and displays a message.
POPD Restores the
previous value of the current directory saved by PUSHD.
PRINT Prints a text
file.
PROMPT Changes the
Windows command prompt.
PUSHD Saves the
current directory then changes it.
RD Removes a
directory.
RECOVER Recovers readable information
from a bad or defective disk.
REM Records
comments (remarks) in batch files or CONFIG.SYS.
REN Renames a
file or files.
RENAME Renames a file or
files.
REPLACE Replaces files.
RMDIR Removes a
directory.
SET Displays,
sets, or removes Windows environment variables.
SETLOCAL Begins localization
of environment changes in a batch file.
SHIFT Shifts the
position of replaceable parameters in batch files.
SORT Sorts input.
START Starts a
separate window to run a specified program or command.
SUBST Associates a
path with a drive letter.
TIME Displays or
sets the system time.
TITLE Sets the window
title for a CMD.EXE session.
TREE Graphically
displays the directory structure of a drive or path.
TYPE Displays the
contents of a text file.
VER Displays the
Windows version.
VERIFY Tells Windows
whether to verify that your files are written
correctly
to a disk.
VOL Displays a disk
volume label and serial number.
XCOPY Copies files and
directory trees.
Result
Familiarized with
windows and DOS operating system.
Exp.
No.3
Date:
MICROSOFT
WORD FAMILIARIZATION
Aim
To familiarize with Microsoft WORD .
Word Features
Word lets you design and produce text documents that can
include graphics, tables, or charts. You can then save the documents in a
variety of formats, including Microsoft Word, HTML, or Adobe's Portable
Document Format (PDF).
Writing
Word lets you create both basic documents, such as memos,
faxes, letters , resumes and merge documents as well as long and complex or
multi-part documents, complete with bibliographies, reference tables and
indexes.Word also includes such useful features as a spell checker a thesaurus,
Auto correct and hyphenation as well as a variety of templates or almost every
purpose. You can also create your own templates using the wizards.
Designing and
Structuring
Word offers a wide variety of options to design
documents. Use the Styles and Formatting Window to create, assign and modify
styles for paragraphs, individual characters, frames and pages. In addition,
the Navigator helps you to quickly move around inside your documents, lets you
look at your document in an outline view, and keeps track of the objects that
you have inserted into your document.You can also create various indexes and
tables in text documents. You can define the structure and appearance of the
indexes and tables according to your individual needs. Live hyperlinks and
bookmarks let you jump directly to the corresponding items in the text.
Desktop Publishing with
Word
Word contains numerous
desktop publishing and drawing tools to assist you in creating professionally
styled documents, such as brochures, newsletters and invitations. You can
format your documents with multi-column layouts, text frames,graphics , tables
and other objects.
Calculations
Text documents in wordhave an
integrated calculation function that helps you execute sophisticated
calculations or logical links. You can easily create a table in a text document
in order to perform calculations.
Creating Drawings
The Word drawing tools lets
you create drawings, graphics, legends, and other types of drawings directly in
text documents.
Inserting Graphics
You can insert pictures with
different formatsinto a text document, including graphics with a JPG or GIF
format. The most common formats can be edited directly in a text document with
the image editor.
Flexible
Application Interface
The
program interface is designed so that you can configure it according to your
preferences, including customizing icons and menus. You can position various
program windows, such as the Styles and Formatting window or the Navigator as
floating windows anywhere on the screen.
Drag&Drop
The drag
and drop feature enables you to work quickly and efficiently with text
documents in OpenOffice.org. For example, you can drag-and-drop objects, such
as graphics from the Gallery, from one location to another in the same
document, or between open word documents.
Help
Functions
You can use the Help system as a
complete reference for word applications, including instructions for simple and
complex tasks.
Result
Familiarized with
word processor
Exp.
No.4
Date:
ROOTS
OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
Aim
Write a program to find the roots
of a quadratic equation.
Theoretical Background
This program use nested if…else
statement to make decision. The general form of
nested if...else statement is
if(test condition1)
{
if (test
condition2)
{
statement block1
}
else
{
statement
block2
}
}
else
{
statement
block3
}
statement_x;
Nested if…else
is used when a series of decisions are involved. If the test condition1
is true, test condition2 is evaluated. If the test condition2 is true, statement block1 will execute. If the
test condition2 is false, statement
block2 will execute and then the control is transferred to statement_x. If the
test condition1 is false, statement block3 will execute and then control
transferred to statement_x.
Algorithm
Step 1:Start
Step 2:Read the coefficients in a,b,c
Step 3:if a==0
Print not a quadratic equation
goto stop
else goto 4
Step 4:d=(b*b)-(4*a*c)
Step 5:if d>0
root1=-b+sqrt(d)/(2*a)
root2=-b-sqrt(d)/(2*a)
print the roots
goto stop
Step 6:if d==0
root1=root2=-b/(2*a)
print roots are equal
goto stop
Step 7:if d<0
d=d*-1
root1=-b/(2*a)
root2=sqrt(d)/(2*a)
print root1=root1+iroot2
print root2=root1-iroot2
goto stop
Step 8:Stop
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float
d,root1,root2,a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf("enter
three coefficient a,b,c");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if(a==0)
{
printf("not
a quadratic equation");
}
d=(b*b)-(4*a*c);
if(d>0)
{
printf("roots
are distinct");
root1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf("root1=%f,root2=%f",root1,root2);
}
if(d==0)
{
printf("roots
are equal");
root1=root2=-b/(2*a);
printf("root1=%f",root1);
}
else
{
printf("roots
are imaginary");
root1=-b/(2*a);
root2=(sqrt(-d))/(2*a);
printf("root1=%f+i%f,root2=%f-i%f",root1,root2,root1,root2);
}
}
Output
Result
Exp. No.5
Date:
SUM
OF DIGITS OF A NUMBER
Aim
Write a program to find sum of digits of a number.
Theoretical Background
while is an entry controlled loop statement. The syntax of while is given below.
while(test-condition)
{
Body of loop;
}
When program
control reach at while statement, the program proceeds to evaluate the test
condition, if it is true, the body of the loop is evaluated. After completion
of the body, the test-condition in the while statement is evaluated again. This
process continues as long as the condition is true. When the condition is
violated control will get exited from the loop and resumes from the statement immediately
following the while loop.
Algorithm
Step 1: Start
Step 2: initialize sum=0
Step 3: read n, the number whose sum of digits is to be found
Step 4: if n>0 goto step 6
Step 5: i=n%10
sum=sum+i
n=n/10
goto step 4
Step 6: print sum
Step 7: stop
Program
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,sum=0;
printf("enter a number");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
i=n%10;
sum=sum+i;
n=n/10;
}
printf("sum=%d",sum);
}
Output
Result
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